INTRODUCTION:

India's handicraft and handloom sector stands as a vibrant testament to the country's cultural heritage and plays a vital role in sustaining the rural economy. It serves as a critical source of livelihood for millions, particularly in rural and semi-urban communities, where traditional skills have been nurtured and passed down through generations (Akhtar, 2019; Deshmukh et al., 2024; Kaushik and Jain, 2015). As a labour-intensive and predominantly unorganized industry, this sector empowers some of the most marginalized populations, most notably women, by fostering self-reliance and providing income opportunities (Debbarma, 2019; Khan et al., 2023; Vadakepat, 2013). Indian crafts, known for their artistic excellence and rich cultural identity, have earned global acclaim for centuries (Debbarma, 2019; Shaieka, 2023).

In Assam, handloom weaving is far more than just a means of earning – it is intricately woven into the state's social and cultural fabric. Traditional products like the Mekhala Chadar and Gamosa symbolize this legacy, blending cultural expression with economic livelihood (Akhtar, 2019; Shaieka, 2023). Yet, despite the sector's deep-rooted significance, artisans continue to face persistent challenges. These include volatile raw material prices, outdated techniques, poor infrastructure, and a dependence on exploitative intermediaries (Akhtar, 2019; Deshmukh et al., 2024; Khan et al., 2023; Kaushik and Jain. 2015).

The problems are systemic and multifaceted. Many weavers grapple with financial insecurity, weak market connections, and limited awareness about available government support (Kama Raju and Santhosh Ranganath, 2010; Deshmukh et al., 2024; Khan et al., 2023). A lack of reliable infrastructure, such as fully functional common facility centers and uninterrupted electricity, directly affects productivity and craftsmanship (Debbarma, 2019; Upadhyay and Jain, 2019; Kaushik and Jain, 2015). Also, growing competition from machine-made products and a slow transition to digital platforms threaten the viability of traditional crafts (Deshmukh et al., 2024; Upadhyay and Jain, 2019). Gender disparities further intensify these issues. Although women form the backbone of the sector, their labour is often undervalued and undercompensated (Bhagawati, 2003; Khan et al., 2023; Singh and Kumar, 2017; Vadakepat, 2013).

Clearly, there is an urgent need for holistic and sustained efforts to support artisans- both to preserve their craft and to improve their quality of life (Radhakrishnan, 2009; Mohapatra, 2011). In response, a range of government and non-governmental interventions have been introduced over the years, targeting skill development, modern toolkit distribution, improved market linkages, and financial and social protection (Akhtar, 2019; Majeed et al., 2023; Raghunathan, 2018; Singh and Kumar, 2018; Sivasankaran and Sivasubramanian, 2014; Kama Raju and Santhosh Ranganath, 2010; Khan et al., 2023).

While these schemes are promising in intent, a significant knowledge gap remains regarding their actual impact- particularly on the lives of women weavers in rural pockets like Morigaon, Assam. This paper seeks to address that gap by presenting in-depth case studies of five women from the Niz-Mikirgaon cluster. Each of these women has navigated her path as both a traditional weaver and an aspiring entrepreneur. Through their lived experiences, the study aims to explore the tangible challenges they face, assess how government schemes have shaped their journeys, and evaluate the broader socio-economic impact of these interventions on their lives and communities.

METHODOLOGY:

This study utilizes a qualitative case study methodology to investigate the livelihood impacts of government schemes on handloom weavers. The present research is limited to examining the impact of initiatives under the Development Commissioner (DC) Handicrafts in the Niz-Mikirgaon area of Assam. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews conducted with five selected weavers who are beneficiaries of DC Handicrafts' various initiatives. A carefully designed interview schedule was used to guide these conversations. A purposive sampling strategy was employed to ensure a diverse representation of participants, taking into account their experience levels and the extent of their engagement with the schemes. The interviews focused on capturing detailed narratives regarding the participants' experiences with these government support programs, their production practices, the challenges they routinely encounter, and changes in their income levels. The responses were thematically analysed to identify recurring patterns and core themes, including skill development, infrastructural needs, market accessibility, and financial constraints.

To enhance the credibility and robustness of the findings, data triangulation was employed. Primary data from the interviews were cross-validated with secondary sources, which included official reports from DC Handicrafts and existing academic literature on the handloom sector. The socio-economic backgrounds of the weavers were also considered, providing a more nuanced and contextual understanding of how these government interventions have influenced their livelihoods.

FINDINGS AND RESULTS:

Moupia Handicrafts Producer Company Ltd., established in 2020, is situated in Baropujia village of Morigaon district, Assam a region largely inhabited by Scheduled Tribe (ST) communities. Weaving is not just a livelihood here; it is a cultural tradition passed down through generations, known for its intricate craftsmanship and unique textile designs. The company serves as a support hub for a cluster of 540 artisans, the majority of whom are women, producing handwoven items for both personal use and commercial markets.

To strengthen the economic foundation of this artisan community, several schemes under the Cluster Development Programme of the Development Commissioner (DC) Handicrafts, Government of India, have been implemented. These include Design and Technical Development Workshops, distribution of toolkits and weaving machinery, and Entrepreneurial Development Programmes, all aimed at skill enhancement and fostering self-reliant entrepreneurship among women artisans. Beneficiaries have also been issued Artisan Cards. enabling them to access further government support and benefits.

Beyond these cluster-specific initiatives, the artisans have availed themselves of broader welfare schemes such as the Food Security Programme, Ayushman Bharat Health Insurance, and the Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY). Marketing exposure has also been a critical component of their growth, with opportunities to participate in prominent events like Silpa Bazar, the International Taj Mahotsav, Delhi Haat, and Craft Bazar. These events, supported by travel and daily allowances, have helped artisans showcase their products on national platforms. Overall, these multifaceted interventions have contributed significantly to enhancing artisans' design skills, entrepreneurial knowledge, and market connectivity-laying a stronger foundation for sustainable livelihoods and the preservation of traditional crafts.

OVERVIEW OF CASE STUDIES:

This study explores the impact of various government schemes on the livelihoods of handloom weavers in Niz-Mikirgaon, Assam. The research is based on detailed case studies of five individual weavers: Pushpa Patar, Rupali Dekaraja, Putuli Patar, Rita Patar, and Sima Dekaraja. These case studies provide a comprehensive view of the challenges faced by these artisans, the support received through government schemes, and the subsequent impact on their livelihoods. Each case study offers unique insights into the personal experiences of these weavers and their interactions with the various initiatives aimed at supporting the handloom sector.

Case Study 1: Pushpa Patar - Weaver and Entrepreneur

As a Weaver:

Pushpa Patar, a 45-year-old expert female weaver, has excelled in weaving for over 20 years, mastering traditional artistry. She specializes in weaving items such as gamosas, mekhala chadars, and other dresses with intricate designs and fine craftsmanship. As a beneficiary of the schemes under the Development Commissioner (DC) Handicrafts, she has been able to enhance her skills, enabling her to produce value-added products with higher market demand. Her family supports her in her work, utilizing traditional methods and light machines in the production process. The toolkits and craft demonstrations provided through the schemes have brought some positive changes to her artistic career. Also, the stipend received during her training proved helpful.

Pushpa has benefited from the following government schemes:

i. Design and Technical Development Workshop

ii. Toolkits and Weaving Sets Distribution

iii. Entrepreneurial Development Programme

As an entrepreneur:

In addition to weaving, Pushpa operates as an entrepreneur, receiving work assignments from Moupia Handicrafts Producer Company, which are target-bound and must be completed within stipulated deadlines. She also engages in independent business, selling her products directly to buyers, which provides her with a better income. The distribution of her products occurs through the following channels:

i. Direct selling

ii. Sale through the Producers Company (based on assignments)

iii. Participation in melas, fairs, and exhibitions, such as International Taj Mahotsav, Gandhi Silpa Bazar, and Delhi Haat.

As a beneficiary of additional government schemes, Pushpa has had the opportunity to showcase and sell her products at national and international fairs, providing her with greater exposure.

Income and Challenges:

Currently, her family earns approximately Rs. 10,000 per month from weaving, which has become a family business. The production process involves traditional methods with minor improvements through tools. However, Pushpa faces significant challenges due to the lack of major financial assistance from banks or government institutions. These challenges include:

i. High prices of raw materials

ii. Slow production processes

iii. Frequent power failures

iv. Lack of organized markets and marketing channels

Despite these obstacles, Pushpa's dedication to preserving traditional art is remarkable. As a Scheduled Tribe (ST) woman from the Tiwa community, she also excels in embroidery, further showcasing her skills and commitment to her craft.

Case Study 2: Rupali Dekaraja - Weaver and Entrepreneur

As a Weaver:

Rupali Dekaraja, a 31-year-old weaver from the Baropujia cluster under Moupia Producers Company, has less than 10 years of experience in weaving. She works independently without support from her family, using a combination of traditional methods, tools, and light machines. Despite challenges, she strives to maintain regularity in her work, learning new skills from experienced weavers and producing handloom products such as gamosas and chadars. However, Rupali recognizes the need for further skill development, which can only be achieved through qualitative training and access to better facilities.

As a beneficiary of various government schemes, she has received support through:

i. Design and Technical Development Workshop

ii. Toolkits and Weaving Sets Distribution

iii. Entrepreneurial Development Programme

Rupali's educational qualification is limited to higher secondary (HS), as she could not pursue further education due to the financial responsibilities of supporting her family. She manages her weaving work independently while handling domestic responsibilities. Financial constraints, high prices of raw materials, unorganized markets, and transportation challenges hinder her production. Despite these obstacles, she utilizes her personal savings and innovative ideas to continue her weaving work. The training and skill development programs have enabled her to enhance her value-added work and earn a livelihood.

As an entrepreneur:

Although she is less experienced, Rupali has developed her capacity to produce demand-based products through guidance from senior weavers and her own efforts. She works on individual assignments and completes target-based tasks for Moupia Producers Company. Her sales are primarily made through two channels:

i. Direct sales based on individual assignments

ii. Sales through the Producer Company

Currently, Rupali earns between Rs 6,000 and Rs 8,000 per month, depending on the availability of work. Further assistance from government schemes for ST (Scheduled Tribe) weavers like Rupali would help increase her income and contribute to the preservation of traditional art. Increased exposure of her products through participation in fairs and exhibitions, along with greater publicity, would be beneficial for her and other weavers in the community.

Case Study 3: Putuli Patar - Weaver and Entrepreneur

As a Weaver:

Putuli Patar, a 35-year-old weaver from the ST (Scheduled Tribe) community, has less than 10 years of weaving experience. With only primary-level education, she has managed to develop her skills in weaving through gradual learning and cooperation with other weavers. The collaborative effort among the weavers to share knowledge and techniques has greatly benefited Putuli. Despite not receiving any formal training or being a beneficiary of the schemes under DC Handicrafts, she has gained valuable experience by working alongside trained weavers who have benefitted from government schemes.

Although she has not received formal training, Putuli has benefitted from participation in the following programs:

i. Participation in melas and exhibitions

ii. Participation in Craft Bazaar

As an entrepreneur:

Putuli markets her products through various channels, including:

i. Direct selling based on independent assignments from customers

ii. Selling through assignments provided by the producer company

iii. Selling at melas, exhibitions, and fairs

She has not taken any personal loans from banks or received financial assistance from the government. Despite facing challenges such as inconsistent work, rising raw material costs, and lack of proper infrastructure, she manages to earn around Rs 6,000-8,000 per month. However, this income is insufficient to meet her family's needs. To improve her financial situation, further support in the form of training, toolkits, and entrepreneurial development programs (EDP) is required to enhance her productivity and income.

Case Study 4: Rita Patar - Weaver and Entrepreneur

As a Weaver:

Rita Patar, a 43-year-old female weaver, has been working in the field of weaving for the past 10-20 years. She specializes in producing traditional products like Gamosa and Mekhala Chaddar based on customer needs. Working independently without the support of her family, she employs traditional weaving methods along with light machinery. Her creative designs. often enhanced through consultation with her peers, result in high-quality, value-added products.

Despite her extensive experience, Rita has not received formal training in skill or entrepreneurial development, though her skills indicate great potential if such training were provided. She has, however, benefited from the following government scheme under DC Handicrafts:

i. Distribution of weaving sets/toolkits to weavers:

As an entrepreneur:

The weaving set she received through the scheme has been instrumental in helping Rita continue her work and maintain her income. Specializing in traditional products like Gamosa and Mekhala, she works independently, with no family members assisting her. In addition to selling her products on her own, she also receives assignments from the Moupia Producers Company.

Currently, Rita earns approximately Rs 8,000-9,000 per month, though she faces numerous challenges in growing her business. She urgently needs access to better infrastructure, organized markets, financial assistance, and stable prices for raw materials. Furthermore, Rita would benefit from participating in trade fairs, crafts bazaars, and exhibitions to gain more exposure and increase product sales.

As an educated weaver (graduate), Rita leverages her education to innovate her designs and tailor her products to customer demands. Education has also empowered her to develop marketing strategies, identify distribution channels, and stay attuned to changing market trends, helping her balance cost-effectiveness with customer preferences.

Case Study 5: Sima Dekaraja - Weaver and Entrepreneur

As a Weaver:

Sima Dekaraja, a 33-year-old weaver belonging to the Scheduled Tribe Caste, has less than 10 years of experience in the field. She learned the traditional art of weaving from her seniors, a practice embedded in the households of her community. Growing up in this environment allowed her to develop her weaving skills through daily observation and participation. However, Sima's expertise in creating value-added products like Mekhala Chadar and Gamosa improved significantly after attending formal training programs focused on design and product development.

Sima has benefited from the following schemes under DC Handicrafts:

i. Design and Technical Development Workshop

ii. Toolkits and Weaving Sets Distribution (received in 2021)

With the help of the weaving set provided by the scheme, she is now able to produce more than before, when she relied on other weavers for assistance. This equipment has allowed her to work more efficiently and meet her daily production goals.

As an entrepreneur:

As a newly experienced weaver, Sima earns around Rs. 6,000 - 7,000 per month from her work. She operates independently, without any family support, and consistently completes her assignments on time. Sima sells her products through two primary channels:

i. Independent selling, based on assignments she receives

ii. Through the producers company, Moupia Producers Company, which provides her with specific work targets.

Despite her growing experience, Sima faces several challenges, including high raw material costs, unorganized markets, inadequate infrastructure, limited financial assistance, and a lack of publicity for her products. However, with her personal savings and determination, she continues her weaving work, contributing to her family's income.

To improve her income and gain more exposure, Sima would benefit from participating in Entrepreneurial Development Programs and trade fairs or exhibitions. Access to travel allowances, daily stipends, and other forms of financial support would further enhance her ability to showcase her products at national and international levels.

Impact of the Schemes on Livelihoods of the Weavers:

The implementation of government-sponsored schemes under the Development Commissioner (DC) Handicrafts and related welfare programs has had a profound impact on the livelihoods of weavers in the Baropujia Cluster. This section explores the multifaceted effects of these interventions, focusing on skill enhancement, income generation, market access, and overall quality of life for the weavers.

i. Skill Enhancement and Capacity Building:

One of the most significant impacts of the DC Handicrafts schemes has been the enhancement of skills among the weavers. The Design and Technical Development Workshops provided critical training in advanced weaving techniques, design innovation, and product diversification. This training enabled weavers to develop high-quality, value-added products such as Gamosa, Mekhala Chadar, and other handloom items. For instance, Putuli Patar and Sima Dekaraja, as beneficiaries of these workshops, reported a marked improvement in their craftsmanship, which directly contributed to their ability to produce intricate and marketable designs. The provision of toolkits and weaving sets further supported skill development. These resources equipped weavers with modern tools and machinery, allowing them to work more efficiently and expand their production capabilities. Rita Patar's experience highlights how the receipt of a weaving set facilitated her transition from traditional methods to more advanced techniques, thus improving both the quality and quantity of her output.

ii. Income Generation and Economic Stability:

The impact of the schemes on income generation has been notable. With the support of toolkits and entrepreneurial development programmes, many weavers have been able to secure better market opportunities and achieve higher earnings. For example, Pushpa Patar, with access to toolkits and training, significantly improved her ability to meet market demands and enhance her income. Similarly, Sima Dekaraja's earnings increased due to her ability to produce high-quality products and access market opportunities through both direct selling and Producer Company assignments.

Also, the introduction of Artisan Cards enabled weavers to access additional government support, further stabilizing their income. Despite these improvements, challenges such as high raw material costs and inadequate infrastructure persist, impacting the overall economic stability of the artisans. However, the schemes have provided a foundation for better financial management and business growth.

iii. Market Access and Product Diversification:

The schemes have also played a crucial role in enhancing market access for the weavers. Participation in national and international fairs, such as the Silpa Bazar, International Taj Mahotsav, Delhi Haat, and Craft Bazar, provided significant exposure for the artisans. These events allowed them to showcase their products to a broader audience, attract new customers, and build valuable business connections. This increased visibility has been instrumental in expanding market reach and driving sales.

The training in product diversification has encouraged weavers to explore new market trends and adapt their products accordingly. By incorporating innovative designs and techniques, artisans have been able to cater to evolving consumer preferences and improve their competitive edge in the market.

iv. Quality of Life Improvements:

Beyond economic benefits, the schemes have contributed to overall improvements in the quality of life for the weavers. Access to healthcare through schemes like Ayushman Bharat Health Security and financial security through programs like PMJJBY has provided a safety net for the artisans and their families. These supports have alleviated some of the financial pressures associated with health emergencies and other unforeseen expenses.

The provision of infrastructure improvements, such as better working conditions and the establishment of Common Service Centers, has enhanced the working environment for the weavers. Improved facilities and resources have contributed to better health and increased productivity, creating a more sustainable and supportive working environment.

Challenges Faced by the Weavers:

i. Beneficiaries and Non-Beneficiaries of DC Handicrafts Schemes: Currently, only one- third of the 540 artisans are beneficiaries of schemes under DC Handicrafts. This situation requires a thorough review by authorities to identify the list of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, as well as to analyse the reasons for this disparity. The growth and development of these economically weaker but skilled weavers largely depend on the benefits received from such schemes. The limited outreach of these schemes needs to be addressed for broader impact.

ii. Need for a Common Service Center (CSC)/Common Facility Center (CFC): A well- equipped Common Service Center or Common Facility Center is urgently needed to provide adequate infrastructure, including proper lighting, fans, electrification, technical upgrades, showrooms, and drinking and sanitation facilities. Currently, most weavers in the cluster work under temporary shelters in extreme heat with minimal amenities. This has led to health issues, especially eye problems, due to poor lighting conditions during weaving. A comfortable workplace with adequate storage for raw materials and finished products is essential for improving working conditions.

iii. Market Promotion Initiatives: Market promotion plays a vital role in enhancing sales and establishing market linkages. While participation in melas, exhibitions, and fairs has been beneficial, the adoption of online marketing remains limited. Digital marketing, including publicity, sales, and advertising, is not widely utilized by the weavers, leaving significant room for improvement in this area.

iv. Short-Term Scheme Implementation: The schemes under DC Handicrafts were implemented for a single year, starting in 2021, instead of the recommended three successive years. This short-term approach has hindered the long-term impact of the initiatives on the weavers.

v. Stagnation in Income and Asset Growth: There has been slow progress in income generation, employment creation, and asset acquisition due to the lack of proper facilities and government assistance. Most artisans live in semi-constructed houses and, apart from mobile phones, possess few status-oriented assets like two-wheelers or televisions. This reflects the limited economic growth of the weavers, despite their skills.

vi. Financial Burden Due to Insufficient Funding: Weavers were informed that Rs. 10,000 had been approved for purchasing weaving sets, while the actual cost is between Rs. 18.000 and Rs. 20.000. This financial shortfall forces artisans to use personal savings or rely on external sources to cover the gap, further straining their financial systems.

vii. Long Production Time: The time required to produce traditional items like chadars and gamosas often takes two or more days, making it difficult to scale up production to compete at national or international levels. Faster production methods are needed to enhance competitiveness.

viii. Lack of Product Diversification: Product diversification, which is crucial in today's competitive market, has not been adequately utilized by the weavers. While preserving traditional art forms is essential, new products must be designed to meet market demand, reduce production costs, and increase income. The concept of a 'product mix is urgently needed to enhance income generation and stay competitive.

CONCLUSION:

The implementation of government schemes under the Development Commissioner (DC) Handicrafts has profoundly impacted the livelihoods of weavers in the Baropujia Cluster. Initiatives such as Design and Technical Development Workshops, distribution of toolkits, and entrepreneurial development programs have enhanced skill levels, improved product quality, and facilitated market access. These efforts have enabled many artisans to achieve greater financial stability and self-reliance, addressing previous limitations in their craft. Artisans like Pushpa Patar, Rupali Dekaraja, Putuli Patar, Rita Patar, and Sima Dekaraja have benefited from these schemes, experiencing improvements in their production capabilities and income levels. The exposure gained through participation in national and international fairs has expanded their market reach, allowing them to showcase their work to a broader audience. Despite ongoing challenges such as high raw material costs, inadequate infrastructure, and limited financial assistance, the positive outcomes of these interventions are significant.

The schemes have fostered economic growth and preserved traditional crafts, contributing to the weavers' empowerment and enhanced livelihoods. Continued support and further development of these initiatives will be crucial in sustaining these benefits and addressing remaining challenges.

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Received on 17.08.2025 Revised on 26.09.2025

Accepted on 31.10.2025 Published on 18.02.2026

Available online from February 21, 2026

Asian Journal of Management. 2026;17(1):74-80.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5763.2026.00012

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.